Europe as an Optimal Currency Area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Europe as an Optimal Currency Area - Essay Example The debate about Europe as optimum currency area as an important and heated point of discussion for the economic experts and analysts and there have been different standpoints presented by the experts to regard and disregard Europe as optimum currency area. The main elements identified within the definition of optimum currency area could effectively work to decide if any region could be regarded as optimum currency area or not. Likewise, Europe could also be evaluated as an optimum currency area by looking at some specific criteria like asymmetric shocks, degree of openness, international factor mobility, labour mobility, fiscal transfer, product diversification and trade and business cycles similarities etc. (Krugman and Obsrfeld, p98) The economy and labour market of Europe has been analysed by the experts from these perspective very frequently and most of the analysis and observations have concluded with the results that Europe could not be regarded as an optimum currency area bec ause it does not completely complies with the criteria set for the OCA. However, it is also a fact that most of the economic experts and analysts believe that Europe has great potential to become an OCA and in coming few years the situation would be evolved where Europe will head to appear as an OCA (McKinnon, p173). The experts arguing against the status of Europe as OCA put forward the evidences in support of their stance. It is found that free mobility of labour within the regions of Europe is not high. The labour mobility in Europe has been recorded one third of the mobility found in United States. It implies that Europe lag behind in proving itself as area of free labour mobility. Similarly it is also found that Europe is yet to establish system for extensive and automotive intra-European fiscal transfers and currently there are not enough fiscal transfers between the European countries that it could be regarded as OCA. The existence of common currency is also an important char acteristic of optimum currency area. It is imperative that the OCA should have one central bank to manage all the monitory policies in the region and the member countries use to follow the same policy as formulated and implemented by the central bank of the region. There should be single currency with fixed exchange rate system. The launch of Euro is often cited as an evidence to prove Europe as OCA however, it is also a fact that despite the use of common currency the European countries yet to have common monitory policies and they need more time to create common fiscal and monitory policies like that of an OCA (Tavlas, p211). The degree of commodities' market integration within the union members also determines the optimum currency area. In Europe, there are some countries like Britain where there is higher level of reliance upon the export of high technology commodities whereas there is also large proportion of owner occupiers in the country links with the variable interest rates (Tavlas, p211). It implies that the market integration does not take place in similar production strategies among the members of the union but there are differences in the exports and import patterns of the countries. This trend also evident that Europe is

Written Assigment II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Written Assigment II - Essay Example The one that enjoys a higher comparative advantage, for instance computers, should form the primary export while textile, whose production has a lower comparative advantage, should be imported from China (Frederking 3). In this paper, I hold a contrary view to Patrick Buchanan by supporting Ricardo’s theory. Countries chose to engage in international trade with a view of making profits. It would be totally illogical to engage in a business activity where there is no overall profit. As such, the driving force of international trade is the hope of maximizing profits accrued in the production of a given product. In this view, nations engaged in international trade strive to strike a balance by increasing the unit value they gain by exporting a given product. While this takes place, the same country would strive to reduce its engagements in products that do not earn as much profit as the others by the virtue of their production costs. Therefore, in an international trade, a country which exports gains more than that which imports. This is because exporting countries enjoy a favorable balance of payment than those which import (Ritchie 19). The utility derived from utilizing factors of production differs in the production process of different products. For instance, in the case of computers and textile products, it is evidently cleat that United States of America spends less per unit of factors of production when it concentrates on computers than when it concentrates on textile products. In this sense, U.S. is bound to increase its overall profit if it converts the factors of production used in the manufacture of textile products to the manufacture of computers. As such, textile industry becomes the opportunity cost of production of computers. Similarly, China is bound to increase its profitability if U.S. chooses to concentrate on importing its textile products. As such, free

Socio-Economic Status Impact on Health Care Access in NZ

Socio-Economic Status Impact on Health Care Access in NZ This review aims to analyse the effect of several key factors such as socio-economic status in connection with health care access of people. The literature study of this topic is important to us as health care providers in order to promote the rights and equality among Maori and non-Maori clients. Factors such as education, employment status, and housing may greatly affect one’s health. Like for instance, if a home is located in a community where health care facilities are immediate, then, services can be easily accessible to the public. However, if a person lives in a remote community where access to hospitals are limited, it will of course be difficult for him to manage certain illnesses and emergency cases since doctors and nurses are far from the place. Some people may also feel lazy to pay visits to clinics for some check-ups if it will be far from their homes. Poor quality houses may also cause deterioration of one’s health if it is not properly insulated as exposure to extreme cold climate may be a precursor for illnesses such as flu and fever. Mold build-ups in low quality shelters is also a risk factor in diseases. Pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses commonly affect indviduals, particularly young children, in poorly insulated and moldy homes in New Zealand. For this reason, th e New Zealand government is taking its actions to prevent health deterioration affected by housing. According to a report, Housing new Zealand(2013) is responsible for providing warm, dry homes for people in need, and ensuring those homes are the right size and where we need them[1] (Housing New Zealand, 2013). Education plays an important role in using nursing services. A person can receive efficient nursing services from a health care provider if he is equipped with adequate knowledge of his or her rights and responsibilities. A certain client can be proactive with his treatment routine because he knows he has the right to decline or suggest any alternative medications which may be beneficial for him. Say for example, if he wishes to consume any medicinal herbs as a substitute or supplement, then he may do suggest it to his physician for approval. Employment status can also be associated with nursing services in terms of economic state. Salaries of em ployees affect their access to services because of affordability. Workers with higher salaries tend to have more funds for their health check-ups and medications than those who are within the minimum wages. But still, the government subsidised hospitalisations and medication for New Zealand citizens and residents. Victims of road accidents are also given with free medical assistance and hospitalisation as well. According to Pollock, Under the Social Security Act 1938, public hospitals became free in 1939 and prescription medicines in 1941. [2] (Pollock, K., 2013) The Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC)states that: Everyone in New Zealand is eligible for comprehensive injury cover: no matter what you’re doing or where you are when you’re injured – driving, playing sport, at home, at work no matter how the injury happened, even if you did something yourself to contribute to it no matter what age you are or whether you’re working – you might be retired, a child, on a benefit or studying. What injuries am I covered for? Wounds, lacerations, sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations and work-related injuries such as hearing loss may all be covered. Most physical injuries are covered if they’re caused by: an accident a condition that comes on gradually because of your work (gradual process) medical treatment sexual assault or abuse.[3] (The Accident Compensation Corporation, 2014). However, there are some considerations that must be taken prior to approval of these benefits. That is,the ACC must be satisfied with the present conditions of the clients taking their claims. An accident victim must be physically injured, obtained mental injury as a result of physical injury. Injuries related to work or any traumatic accidents, damages of prosthesis, and death because of the accident. There is a specific definition of ‘injury’ in the Accident Compensation (AC) Act 2001, which is the law that ACC must apply when considering applications for claims and assistance. Gender is also an element that affects health because generally, women are the ones who bear children and this situation puts their lives at risk. Cook stated that before European contact to New Zealand, â€Å"Rates of maternal mortality in 19th- and early 20th-century MÄ ori communities are unknown, as the first figures were not collected until 1920. In that year nearly 23 MÄ ori women died for every 1,000 live births. (The rate amongstPÄ kehÄ women was 6.5 per 1,000 live births.) This figure, high as it is, was probably an underestimate: MÄ ori deaths were not reliably reported until after the Second World War. MÄ ori women’s access to medical help was limited by a number of factors: the loss oftohungaand traditional medical knowledge through population decline the scarcity of hospitals and doctors in the rural areas where most MÄ ori lived the refusal of some hospitals to admit MÄ ori the reluctance of some doctors to treat MÄ ori MÄ ori women’s reluctance to be examined by male doctors (almost invariably PÄ kehÄ ).†[4] ( Cook, M.,2012). Women also play a big role in the health care industry. Most health care providers and nurses are female as more women prefer such job roles than males. According to The Nursing Council of New Zealand, â€Å"The nursing workforce is overwhelmingly female, with only 7.4% of nurses being male (essentially unchanged from 2010 report figures of 7.2%). The male workforce is younger than the female workforce, with 38% aged under 40 compared with 31% of female nurses. The average age of the nursing workforce is 45.6, with the average age of male nurses being 43.4 and the average age of female nurses being 45.7.†[5] (The Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2011). One’s social status is relevant in the promotion of well-being. That is, if a person has a good standing in the community where he or she dwells, there is a higher chance of self-esteem and optimum mental health may be achieved at this point. It is because how a person feels from the inside radiates towards his personality and how he reacts with people around him. A good social status may also result from a decent employment status. In addition, a supportive community can also promote each other’s well-being. Those who are socially isolated are at higher risk of health deterioration because of lack of social support from the neighbourhood. For example, people with disabilities may cope better in a disable friendly places, such as presence of handrails and ramps, which are supported by the government and its people. A good relationship with the community and family also creates a friendly atmosphere and happiness in each other. These positive vibes are also key factors i n promoting healthy individuals. As what Griffiths mentioned, â€Å"People with strong family, cultural and community ties have better health than people who are socially isolated. Social cohesion or ‘connectedness’ is related to the health of individuals and communities. Single parent families, people with mental illness, people with disabilities, people living alone and older people are particularly vulnerable to social isolation. There are generally high levels of access to telephones and motor vehicles in New Zealand but access for some groups is poor. Features of New Zealand society that may tend to reduce social connectedness are unemployment, frequent change of residence (high mobility), and an increase in single parent and one person households over the past decade.†[6] ( Griffiths, 1998) Summing it up, good communication is a relavant factor in health improvemnt because interaction with other people limits the bounadries, and creates a channel to divert any confusions or uncertainties in life. In adddttion, reaching out benefits everyone especially in times of needs and other unexpected life circumstances. This concept is similar to the saying that â€Å"No man is an island.† or â€Å"No man can live alone by himself.† Maori people’s access to health care is different from that of non-Maoris. This is because of several factors such as inaccessibility to health care facilities of the indigineous native people. Cultural safety is also an element because some individuals may prefer utilizing the tradional way of treating illnesses rather than seeing a general physician for consultation. And in line with this idea, it will be difficult to contest them in their beliefs because doing so will result to violation their right to self-determination or them beig in-charge of their own well-being. Non-Maoris, on the other hand, are well accustomed to modern lifestyle as compared with Maori group. This is the reason why more non-Maori people regularly pay visit to clinics and other health care facilities if they have some concerns regarding their health issues. Moreover, non-Maori, especially the Kiwi people are the ones who introduced the modern health care system in New Zealand. So, most likely, they a re the ones who will patronize more that particular type of system. The legitimacy of differences in culture and respect for the rights of others can be materialized or be actualized in the priniciple of Tino rangatiratanga. As mentioned before, the principle of Tino rangatiratanga focuses on a Maori’s right to self-determination. It means that despite the introduction of new government and health care delivery system in New Zealand, these indigenous people can still have the right to choose their preference especially in health care, and whatever culture or values they possess or believe in to can still be preserved. In this context, equality among each individal can be evident. Power relationship can be defined as ann unequal quality of relationship between a client and a health care provider. This is comprised of a higher authority, or the health care provider who is much superior to the client. This is due to the fact that health care professionals tend to possess more knowledge than his or her client in the sense of giving care or treatment. However, instances that there may be biases in this scenario if a client is submissive to whatever the health care professional tells him. Like if the client is not given the privilege to speak out what is on his mind and the choices or preferences he or she wishes to have. In my belief, imbalances in health care relationships can be resolved if proper education is provided to every individual especially to Maori people. Since they have diverse cultural beliefs and that is, very different from the modern approach, it is very important to orient them properly prior to imposing new treatments and medical interventions to them. An equitable, efficient and efffective health service delivery can be achieved as well if every health care professional can be compassionate and understading of each client’s needs and cultur. One must always keep in mind that health services is not just about the physical aspect, but, rather, it must be hollistically done. Emotional and cultural aspects must be identified and given importance as well. To summarize this review, there is still some inequalities in health service with Maori and non-Maori people as evident in several readings published. As members of one community, it is important that each must take part in improving this issue in the society. Especially as part of the health care team, it is my responsiblity to materialize whatever learnings I gained in reviewing this literature. Through this task, I was also able to identify the markers that affects the well-being and access of every individual to health care. And the knowledge of these factors can help us in our roles in the community. Yet, despite of the issues present, it is still evident that New Zealand is indeed one of the coutries to have ann excellent health care system in the world because it took an effort to provide subsidy for medical and hospitalistion for its citizens. [1] Housing New Zealand. (2013). 2012-2013 Annual Report (Focused. Homes for people, reshaping our houses). Wellington. Retrieved from http://www.hnzc.co.nz/our-publications/annual-report/2012-13-annual-report/annual-report-2012-13 [2] Pollock, K. (2013) Health and society Health services, Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/health-and-society/page-4 [3] The Accident Compensation Corporation. (2014). Am I covered?. Retrieved from http://www.acc.co.nz/making-a-claim/am-i-covered/index.htm [4] Cook, M. (2012). Women’s health MÄ ori women’s health, pre-colonial times to 1940s. Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/womens-health/page-2 [5] The Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2011). The New Zealand Nursing Workforce. Retrieved from http://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz [6] National Health Committee. (1998). The Social, Cultural and Economic Determinants of Health in New Zealand: Action to Improve Health (A Report from the National Advisory Committee on Health and Disability). Wellington: Griffiths, G. Retrieved from http://nhc.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/det-health.pdf

Native Americans in the United States and European Colonists Essay

Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures. Analyze how the actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in TWO of the following regions. Confine your answer to the 1600’s. Early relationships between American Indians and European colonists differed among the dissimilar cultures. The encounters between the American Indians and the New England Colonists ended in betrayal and bitterness while the relationships between the Indians and the Spanish Southwest was violent and hateful. In New England during November of 1620, the first European colonists arrived to establish Plymouth Colony. During the harsh winter, half of the colonists had perished. When the surviving colonists arrived, a couple of Indians came to help them. The Indians taught the colonists how to grow and fertilize corn crops. Soon, the Europeans became successful farmers and began trading with Indians for fur. As the Europeans became more self-sufficient, they turned their firearms at the Wampanoag Indians and forced them to declare English Sovereignty. For generations, the aggression toward the Wampanoag Indians from Europeans continued. After years of hostility toward the Indians, the governor or Plymouth received information that the Wampanoag chief, Metacom was planning a war against the English. The Indian who provided the information to the English was named Sassamon and was known as a â€Å"faithful Indian† to the English. He was murdered by the Indians for betraying them. Soon after in 1675, the English hung three Wampanoag Indians thus beginning King Philip’s war. This war resulted in stopping the Indian’s resistance to colonial expansion and wiped out approximately forty percent of the Native American population in New England.

Homework should be limited Essay

For such a long time, homework is necessary for students, no one has doubted about its importance or its functions. However, some countries have set a limit on the amount of homework recently, which alarmed lots of educators, students, and parents that, if homework should totally abolished, or there should be a limit amount of it. see more:should schools ban homework Undoubtedly, homework does have its functions, or it wouldn’t be exited. However, the amount and criteria for homework that is given by the teachers is not good enough and it is is overwhelmed for students. In this essay, I am going to analysis the drawbacks of homework to parents, teachers and students. Firstly, for students, homework are time- consuming and add their stress. 8hours a day, 5 days a week, students have to go to school for such a long time, and they basically don’t have their private time at all if teachers give them loads of homework. Ridiculously enough, the schools and teachers love to emphasize â€Å"all-rounded development†. But where else can students squeeze their time for extracurricular activities and develop their interests if teachers just give them lots of homework? Plus, homework adds students’ stress. It is not surprising that students care about their homework because it is part of their examination’s scores. So when teachers claimed that† giving out homework can reduce students’s stress on examination†. You probably know it is misleading you. Because they are just adding your stress by telling you how important your homework is and how you should value it, and this kind of stress is overwhelmed as some students commit suicide because of school stress. Therefore, it is obviously that homework is not a good thing as it just makes students more stressful.

The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights - 1664 Words

The concept that morals are not inherent or universal but are developed by the necessities of a given society at any certain time, as presented in William Graham Sumner’s Folkways, is inadequate and displeasing. While some moral practices are relative to particular cultures, that does not mean that there are no rights that belong to everyone, nor does it mean that just because an activity is practiced that it is morally justifiable. Each human being is entitled to a certain set of liberties, which are outlined in the â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights.† All individuals are supposed to have equal access to these rights, but according to Sumner, all rights are cultural and none are universal. In Folkways, Sumner conveys his belief that the proper way of doing things is based on the culture of the surrounding society and the practices they are participating in at the time. â€Å"In the folkways, whatever is, is right† (5). The idea here is that if a group of people are taking part in particular actions and behaviors, those actions and behaviors must be morally permissible because they are doing them. Whatever they do is morally correct; whatever they do not do is morally incorrect. Because these practices have been passed down through generations, they must be right because they are still practiced. This varies for each individual culture or society and it is not the place of any one group to judge or criticize the moral practices of another group because everyone is followingShow MoreRelatedThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve. Clinging too close to culture can be dangerous. The Foundations of a Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted shortly after the United Nations was established in 1945. The aim of the Declaration was to ensure that an atrocity such as the mass killings of Jews and other minorities in Nazi Germany would never happenRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights1131 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are moral principles that set out specific standards of human behavior, and are normally ensured as lawful rights in both national and global law. They are acknowledged to be inalienable, since anybody is characteristically qualified for it essentially on the grounds that they are individuals. Whatever our nationality, sex, shade, religion, dialect, or ethnic source is, we are all just as qualified for our rights without separation or discrimination. All human rights are resolute andRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human rights was adopted in the UN gene ral assembly by the 10th December 1948. This is the first time that the world recognized that everyone had the right to enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom from fear and want, and many other rights. International human rights come along way; before there was no rights. The idea of having rights that led to the development of international human rights takes time. There are benchmarks developments in internationalRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesA human right is an ethical choice and moral belief belonging to all humans regardless of traits, status, location, color, gender, or belief system. Making the connection to a universal law, the United Nations Rights High Commissioner explains these rights are, â€Å"guaranteed by law† and protected as â€Å"fundamental freedoms† (OHCHR, 2016). The Cambridge Dictionary defines privilege as â€Å"an advantage that only one person or group of people has† listing examples such as having a high social position or wealthRead MoreUniversal Declaration Of Human Rights1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a doctrine created to ensure a mutual standard of treatment amongst all humans, every person deserves an equal set of life standards. According to Article 18 of this 30 Article document, â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teachingRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1417 Words   |  6 PagesImplemented in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) delineates the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all humans. The freedom of speech and the right to express beliefs freely is a universal human right protected by Article 19 of the UDHR. It declares that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† and can â€Å"hold opinions without interference†. The regional agreements of Iran, China and Bahrain are in accordance with the Universal Declaration and are fully dedicatedRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights892 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rigths is an essential component of a tolerant and individually satisfied society. They are created to defend people’s dignity, equality and liberty. However, for thousands of years people lived with no garanteed rights, until 1948, when United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. But is the Universal Declaration of Human Rigths really universal to all states and humans living in them? I am going to argue if Human Rights should or should not be unically adapted to differentRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights875 Words   |  4 PagesI feel that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) does have a western bias. Many people look to US for guidance, but not many other nations copy our way of life. States can sign treaties, but they cannot be reassured that the other nation will keep its word. The US and the UN should maybe not be engaging in promoting western society, but they should be engaging in promoting the protection of human rights. The UN UDHR fought for minimal rights in 1948 by identifying three types of generationsRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1485 Words   |  6 Pages1003236982 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states â€Å"that human rights are held by all persons equally and universally forever† –hence, they are universal held. This is due to them being the exact same for all human beings anywhere in the world. One cannot acquire human rights because of where they come from, but because they are a member of the human race. Nobody can lose those human rights, nor can they be taken away for whatever the reason may be. Together, we have the right to express ourselvesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Universal Human Rights869 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Assembly (UNGA) set forth a declaration of universal human rights. The goal was to set a common standard of rights based on â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family.† It was meant to become the perfect social contract but unfortunately was not upheld even by the signatory nations themselves. Many critics now looking b ack have cited the overreaching ideals as the downfall of the declaration but yet many have responded saying it

A STEEPLE Analysis of Countdown Supermarket Essay

The purpose of this essay is to develop a STEEPLE analysis and 10-year outlook for Countdown Supermarket [hereunto referred to as Countdown], a leading supermarket in New Zealand, which is owned by Progressive Enterprise Ltd and is a subsidiary of the Australian company, Woolworths Limited; which in the last two years have won the best retail store award. This has portrayed Countdown to be a more confident, reliable, motivated and responsible supermarket. The STEEPLE analysis will be used as a tool to determine and identify the internal and external factors that may be affecting Countdowns Greerton store. The STEEPLE (Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, and Ethical) analysis is a method used by companies such†¦show more content†¦One of the main ways that Countdown is affected by environmental issues is the packaging used on product (Countdown branded food such as ‘select’ brand or ‘homebrand’). The wrappers usually used for product wrapped by Countdown are plastic in origin. This is an environmental issue regarding Countdown, as the plastic they use to wrap their product is not recyclable, and is not biodegradable. This means that Countdown is having a huge negative impact on the environment. This is because for every Countdown product that is sold to the customer, the packaging is thrown away and cannot be recycled or biodegradable. This means society has no way other than to burn Countdowns packaging waste. This type of waste disposal will also create a negative impact on the environment as it will be burnt and then the waste emissions will go into the atmosphere increasing global warming further. This means that Countdowns packaging is having a negative impact on the environment. This STEEPLE factor could also be significant to Countdown, and affect it over the next 10 years as it could directly affect their ability to achieve the aim/objective of being a self-branded marketing leader. This is because Countdown will have to change their packaging in order to decrease their impact on their environment. This aim could be affected as customers have brand awareness of Countdown. This means that if